A Review on Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors: Bridging Innovation, Medical, and Safety Challenges

Abstract

One of the most revolutionary scientific disciplines of the twenty-first century is nanotechnology, which presents special chances for the creation of novel materials and nanoscale gadgets. Because of their remarkable physicochemical characteristics, nanoparticle-based biosensors mark a significant breakthrough in diagnostic, biomedical, food safety, and environmental applications. The main kinds of nanoparticles utilized in biosensing, such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, are highlighted in this study along with information on their production techniques and unique physicochemical characteristics. The fundamental processes of biosensing, including colorimetric, magnetic, and electrochemical methods, are also covered, with a focus on how they might enhance detection limits, stability, and selectivity. Applications include ambient toxin monitoring, glucose monitoring, pathogen detection in food safety, and early illness diagnosis, including Alzheimer's and cancer biomarkers.  Notwithstanding their potential, problems with cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, inadequate biocompatibility, and the long-term buildup of nanomaterials in biological systems and the environment still exist. Prospects for the future demand the creation of more robust, biocompatible biomaterials, sophisticated testing techniques to forecast long-term impacts, a better comprehension of biological reactions, and more stringent regulations for the safety of nanotechnology. Overall, if safety and standardization concerns are methodically resolved, nanoparticle-enabled biosensors have the potential to be extremely important in precision medicine, food security, and sustainable environmental monitoring.